Smith, Geoffrey Z-FDM : An electrical impedance-enabled freeze-drying microscope DMU LyoGroup (Leicester, UK) in collaboration with Biopharma Process Systems Ltd (Winchester) have re-designed the Lyostat freeze-drying microscope stage to incorporate a micro-electrode system for the simultaneous visualisation of the sample (through the microscope objective) and the measurement of the electrical impedance of the sample (across excitation frequencies from 10 Hz to 1 MHz). <div>The enhanced system (Z-FDM) generates a more objective assessment of the onset of collapse while providing other parameters such as drying rate and ice solidification onset and end point.</div> Impedance spectroscopy;freeze-drying microscope;Pharmaceutical Sciences 2019-04-17
    https://figshare.dmu.ac.uk/articles/figure/Z-FDM_An_electrical_impedance-enabled_freeze-drying_microscope/7980071
10.21253/DMU.7980071.v1