Novel electrical impedance methods in formulation and process development. Podium presentation at Freeze-Drying Technology Summit, Vienna 13-14 Feb 2020 Geoff Smith 10.21253/DMU.10565873.v1 https://figshare.dmu.ac.uk/articles/presentation/Novel_electrical_impedance_methods_in_formulation_and_process_development_Podium_presentation_at_Freeze-Drying_Technology_Summit_Vienna_13-14_Feb_2020/10565873 <div><div>Cite as:</div><div>Smith, G. (2020) Novel electrical impedance methods in formulation and process development. Podium presentation at Freeze-Drying Technology Summit, Vienna 2020 Feb 13-14</div><div><br></div><div>Freeze-Drying Technology Summit</div><div>Vienna 13-14 Feb 2020 | Vienna, Austria</div><div><br></div></div><div><div>Hilton Garden Inn Vienna South</div><div>Hertha-Firnberg-Straße 5, 1100</div></div><div><br></div><div>This presentation provides a brief introduction to electrical impedance and dielectric relaxation processes in liquid and frozen aqueous solutions, before discussing the use of micro-scale measurements in a freeze-drying microscope (highlighting potential applications for formulation screening). </div><div><br></div><div>These microscale studies are based on a single analytical instrument (Z-FDM) which combines impedance (Z) spectroscopy with freeze-drying microscopy (FDM) with an interdigitated micro-electrode array placed on a freeze-drying microscope stage. </div><div><br></div><div>Critical process parameters of ice growth, sublimation drying rate and end-point were demonstrated using the Z-FDM technique. </div><div><br></div><div>A brief overview of in-vial measurements in a freeze-dryer (using through-vial impedance spectroscopy) is also given, along with the statements on potential applications for process development.</div> 2020-02-26 15:10:07 freeze-drying impedance spectroscopy inter-digitated electrode IDE Pharmaceutical Sciences